Mutuwar John Louis Esposito, fitaccen masanin Musulunci a Amurka kuma Emeritus Farfesa na Jami'ar Georgetown, ta jawo martani mai yawa daga masana a sassa daban-daban na duniya.
A wata hira da Kamfanin Dillancin Labaran Hauza, Yahya Jahangiri Sohravardi, bakon malami a zaman Nazarin Musulunci a Jami'ar Musulunci ta Duniya ta Indonesia, ya yi bitar rayuwa da gadon ilimin wannan masani, yana mai cewa Esposito yana daga cikin mutanen da suka fi tasiri wajen nazarin Musulunci a Yamma. Ya ce sama da shekaru hamsin Esposito ya yi yana ƙoƙarin gabatar da Musulunci da Musulmai ga Yamma ba ta fuskar tsoro, tashin hankali da rikici ba, sai dai ta fuskar tarihi, wayewa, addini, siyasa da hakikanin rayuwar Musulmai.
Rasuwar Ɗaya Daga Cikin Masu Gina Sabon Fannin Nazarin Musulunci
Jahangiri ya bayyana cewa John Louis Esposito ya rasu a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 2026, a birnin Philadelphia, yana da shekaru 86, sakamakon matsalolin da suka biyo bayan tiyatar zuciya.
Baya ga koyarwa a fannonin addini, hulɗar ƙasashe da nazarin Musulunci, shi ne ya kafa Cibiyar Fahimtar Juna Tsakanin Musulunci da Kiristanci, kuma yana daga cikin waɗanda suka assasa aikin bincike na Bridge, wanda manufarsa ita ce yaƙi da Islamophobia (kin Musulunci). Jami'ar Georgetown ta bayyana shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da suka fi tasiri wajen gina sabon tsarin nazarin Musulunci da al'ummomin Musulmi.
Daga Ilimin Tauhidin Kiristanci Zuwa Nazarin Musulunci
An haifi Esposito a shekarar 1940 a Brooklyn, New York, cikin iyalin Katolika yan asalin Italiya. Tun yana ƙarami ya taso cikin yanayin addini, har ma ya taɓa tunanin zama limamin cocin Katolika.
Ya karanci ilimin tauhidin Kiristanci, sannan ya samu digirin digirgir daga Jami'ar Temple a shekarar 1974.
Jahangiri ya bayyana cewa shiga fannin nazarin Musulunci ba wani shiri ne da Esposito ya yi tun farko ba. Ya kan ba da labarin cewa shugaban sashensa ne ya ba shi shawarar ya yi karatu a wajen Isma'il Raji al-Faruqi, fitaccen masani Bafalasɗine-Amurke. Ko da yake da farko ya yi shakku, amma salon koyarwar Faruqi ya sauya yadda yake kallon Musulunci da wayewar Musulunci, lamarin da ya sauya tafarkin rayuwarsa ta ilimi.
Musulunci Wani Bangare Ne Na Addinan Ibrahimamci
Esposito ya yi imanin cewa bai kamata a koyar da Musulunci a jami'o'in Yamma tare da addinan Gabas irin su Hindu da Buddha kawai ba; a maimakon haka, ya kamata a nazarce shi a matsayin wani bangare na al'adar Annabi Ibrahim tare da Yahudanci da Kiristanci.
Wannan ra'ayi ya zama ginshiƙi a aikinsa na ilimi, wanda ke ƙoƙarin gabatar da Musulunci ba a matsayin wani addini baƙo ga Yamma ba, sai dai ɗaya daga cikin manyan addinan tauhidi uku.
Yaƙi da Kafaffen Ra'ayoyi Game da Musulunci
Jahangiri ya ce Esposito ya fara aikinsa ne a lokacin da Musulunci bai zama babban batu a siyasa da kafafen yaɗa labarai na Amurka ba. Amma bayan Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci na Iran, abubuwan da suka faru a Afghanistan, bunƙasar ƙungiyoyin Musulunci da kuma hare-haren 11 ga Satumba, Musulunci ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan batutuwan siyasa da kafafen yaɗa labarai.
A irin wannan yanayi, Esposito ya yi adawa da ra'ayoyi guda biyu:
Ra'ayin da ke cewa Musulunci addini ne na tashin hankali kuma maƙiyi ne ga dimokuraɗiyya da wayewar Yamma.
Da kuma ra'ayin da ke ɗaukar dukkan Musulmai da ƙungiyoyin Musulunci a matsayin abu ɗaya.
Ya yi ta jaddada cewa ba za a iya ɗora laifin ƙungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ko wata gwamnati Musulma a kan Alƙur'ani, Annabi Muhammad (SAWA) ko dukkan Musulmai ba.
Marubucin da Ya Mayar da Nazarin Musulunci Zuwa Littattafan Darasi
A cewar Jahangiri, Esposito ya rubuta littattafai sama da 55 da kuma maƙalolin bincike sama da 100. An fassara ayyukansa zuwa harsuna da dama, kuma da yawa daga cikinsu sun zama littattafan koyarwa a jami'o'i a duniya.
Har ila yau, ya jagoranci shirya manyan Encyclopedia a Oxford da suka shafi nazarin Musulunci.
Gabatar da Musulunci Fiye da Siyasa
Daga cikin fitattun littattafansa akwai:
Islam: The Straight Path, Islam and Politics, The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality?, What Everyone Needs to Know About Islam, Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam, Who Speaks for Islam? What a Billion Muslims Really Think?
A cikin waɗannan littattafai ya yi bayanin rayuwar Annabi Muhammad (SAWA), Alƙur'ani, tarihin al'ummomin Musulmi, siyasa, jihadi, shari'a, mata, dimokuraɗiyya da dangantakar Musulunci da Yamma, cikin salo mai natsuwa kuma bisa bincike.
Bambance Musulunci da Tsattsauran Ra'ayi
Bayan hare-haren 11 ga Satumba, Esposito ya yi ƙoƙarin nuna bambanci tsakanin jihadi a fahimtar Musulunci da kuma yadda ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci suka yi amfani da wannan kalma domin manufofinsu.
Ya bayyana cewa ba za a iya fahimtar tsattsauran ra'ayi ta hanyar nassosin addini kaɗai ba; dole ne a yi la'akari da abubuwan siyasa, mamaya, zaluncin gwamnatoci, raunin ƙasashe da jin wariya.
Muhimmiyar Gudummawa Ga Nazarin Shi'a
Koda yake Esposito ba ƙwararren masani ba ne a ilimin fikihu ko akidar Shi'a, amma ya ba Shi'anci muhimmiyar kulawa a cikin ayyukansa.
Ya wallafa littattafai irin su: The Iranian Revolution: Its Global Impact da Iran at the Crossroads.
Haka kuma, a cikin manyan kundin ilimin da ya shirya, an ware sashe na musamman ga Shi'anci, tunanin siyasar Shi'a, Imam Khumaini (Q.S), malaman Shi'a da ci gaban siyasa da zamantakewar Iran.
Samar da Tattaunawar Addinai
Esposito ya kafa Cibiyar Fahimtar Juna Tsakanin Musulunci da Kiristanci a Georgetown a shekarar 1993. Daga baya cibiyar ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin bincike a duniya kan dangantakar Musulunci da Yamma, Musuluncin siyasa, Musulmai a Amurka da Turai, tattaunawar addinai da Islamophobia.
Ya kuma ƙaddamar da aikin bincike na Bridge, domin nazarin hanyoyin yaɗa Islamophobia da illolinsa ga al'umma.
A ganinsa, tattaunawar Musulunci da Kiristanci ba ta kamata ta tsaya ga tarurruka tsakanin shugabannin addinai kawai ba, sai ta haɗa da gyaran littattafan makarantu, sauya harshen kafafen yaɗa labarai, horar da jami'an diflomasiyya, ƙarfafa fahimtar juna tsakanin jami'o'i da kuma yaƙi da wariya.
Haɗa Jami'a da Al'umma
Esposito yana daga cikin kaɗan daga masana da suka iya haɗa binciken jami'a da bukatun al'umma. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga gwamnatoci, ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, kafafen yaɗa labarai da cibiyoyin tsara manufofi.
Har ila yau, shi kaɗai ne ya shugabanci Middle East Studies Association of North America (MESA) da kuma American Academy of Religion.
Ya kuma samu digirin girmamawa guda bakwai da lambobin yabo masu yawa saboda gudummawar da ya bayar.
Duk da Tarin Yabo, Ya Fuskanci Suka
Jahangiri ya ce wasu masu suka suna ganin Esposito ya nuna sassauci fiye da kima wajen tantance wasu ƙungiyoyin Musulunci, ko kuma ya rage nuna matsalolin wasu gwamnatoci da ƙungiyoyi yayin ƙoƙarinsa na yaƙi da Islamophobia.
Sai dai ya jaddada cewa ko masu sukarsa ba sa musun irin gagarumar gudummawar da ya bayar wajen shigar da nazarin Musulunci cikin jami'o'i, kafafen yaɗa labarai da cibiyoyin tsara manufofi a Amurka.
Gadon da Ya Bari
A ƙarshe, Jahangiri ya ce Esposito ba malamin tafsirin Alƙur'ani ba ne, ba faƙihi ba ne, kuma ba masani kan rubuce-rubucen tarihi ba ne. Babban fagen aikinsa shi ne nazarin Musulunci na zamani, dangantakar addini da siyasa, Musulunci da Yamma, ƙungiyoyin Musulunci, dimokuraɗiyya, Islamophobia da tattaunawar addinai.
Ya ce babban gadonsa shi ne wannan ƙa'ida: Musulunci da Musulmai ya kamata a nazarce su da irin zurfi, bambance-bambance da adalcin da ake nazarin Yamma, Kiristanci da al'ummomin Yamma.
A cewarsa, fahimtar Musulunci ba za ta yiwu ba sai an kauce wa son zuciya, zato da sauƙaƙe gaskiya.
Ya ƙara da cewa Esposito ya yi ƙoƙarin buɗe sabon hangen nesa a lokacin da kafafen yaɗa labaram Yamma suka fi danganta Musulunci da yaƙi, ta'addanci da rikice-rikice. Ya nuna cewa akwai kuma Alƙur'ani, wayewar Musulunci, rayuwar yau da kullum ta Musulmai, bambancin mazhabobi, malamai, mata, masu fafutukar al'umma da sauran haƙiƙanin rayuwar duniyar Musulunci.
A ƙarshe, Jahangiri ya ce rasuwar John L. Esposito babban rashi ne na wani masani wanda ba Musulmi ba ne, kuma bai yi ƙoƙarin yin magana a madadin Musulmai ba, amma ya dage cewa kafin duniya ta yi hukunci a kan Musulunci, dole ne ta fara saninsa yadda ya kamata.
Ya ce watakila babbar gudummawar Esposito ita ce gina gada ta ilimi da tattaunawa tsakanin duniyar da ta yi yawan magana game da Musulunci da kuma Musulman da ba su samu damar gabatar da kansu kai tsaye ba.
Ra'ayinka